Alkyd resins



H. WL GRAY ALKYD RESINS April 24, 1945.

Filed July 28. 1943 www UQ. umbmbmNwQ NT3@ H1511- wmiam ATTORNEY.

1 Patented Apr. r24, 1945 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE envases I Amm nnsnvs v y ton, Del., a corporation of Delaware Application Jul! 28, 1943, Serial No. 496,491

4' claims. (ci. 26o-22)'.

This invention-relates to reslnous materials and `more particularly .to drying oil-modiiled alkyd resins. i

The alkyd or polyhydric alcohol-polybasic acid resin .coating compositions, and particularly the drying oil modified glyceryl phthalates are of great commercial utility. However, phthalic anhydride and glycerol are comparatively expensive ingredients, and under present conditions allocations do not permit 'their use inniany important applications. Hence, replacement the glyceryl phthalate in such resins by a cheaper, moreavailable ingredient would be extremely desirable. Numerous attempts have beenrecorded in the literature to realize this end, 4but such efforts have been uniformly unsuccessful in that Vresins containing other 'lower-cost ingredients have not been equivalent in performance to the glyceryl phthalate compositions. Speciiically, it has'beenproposed to ample, hydroxyacetic acid, as ingredients oi' alkyd resins. Hydroxyacetic acid is a readily available commercial product ofextremely low cost, being prepared by catalytic reactions from such basic raw materials as carbon monoxide, hydrogen and water.y However, attempts of prior investigators to utilize this attractive material have given only resinsfofpinferior quality, the resulting coating composition formulations exhibiting `very poorl drying characteristics and filml properties. v

This invention haras an object the production of new and useful Vresiifious compositions. A further object is the manufacture of high quality resins containing substantial droxyaoetic acid. A further v object is the preparation of improved coating compositions. Still further objects .reside in methods for obtaining thee resins. Other objects will appear hereina r.

I have discovered that resins having a remarkably short drying time as compared to the resins `previously made from linseed 011,-g1ycerol, hydroxyacetic acid and phthalic anhydride can be obtained from these ingredients when both the ratio of .poly-hydroxyacetic to glyceryl phthalate andthe linseed oil content are kept within cer'- tain limits. More particularly the above objects are accomplished by reacting hydroxyacetic acid, glycerol, phthalic anhydridejand linseed oil or linseed oil acids in such proportions that the calculated ratio oi.' pclyhydroxyacetic acidto glyceryl phthalate inthe finished resin is below 0.70,*and the calculated linseed `oil content is from 30% to 70%. In thepractice of this invention, as in the manufacture y of alkyd resins generally. glycerol I# turn of solvent being conducted in a continuous use hydroxy acids, for exof a portion of can be replaced by other polyhydric alcohols, and phthalic acid or anhydride can be replaced by other polybasic acids. 1

The single ilgure in the accompanying drawing shows bymeans of a curve the drying times of resins having different ratios of polyhydroxyacetic acid toglyceryl phthalate.'

Thesubstantially horizontal portion A of the curve` represents the drying time of the resins of this invention which have a ratio of polyhsldroxy-- acetic acid to glyceryl phthalate of less than 0.70. The substantially vertical portion B showsthe rapid increase in drying time that takesplace with a very small increase in the polyhydroxyacetic 'acid-glyceryl phthalate /ratio above 0.70;

The horizontal portion C of the curve shows the long` drying time required for al1 resins; including those of the `present. type previously disclosed, which have a `ratio of polyhydroxyacetic acid to glyceryl phthalate but slightly above 0.70.

The points 1 to s designate the drying times of the. resins disclosed in Examples I to VI respectively. Points 8 and 9 represent the-drying times of two previously disclosed resins the formuj lations of which, together with those of other resins corresponding topoints'l, 10, 11 and 12,

are more particularly noted hereinafter.

The resins of this invention are preferably prepared-by the solution method. In this procedure the linseed oil or linseed oil acids are reacted withi glycerol to form a partial glyceride and this y partial glyceride esteriiied simultaneously with proportions of hyhydroxyaceticacid and phthalic anhydride. More specifically, the linsed oil or linseed oil acids and the glycerol in proportions -calculatedto give the degree of alcoholysis desired are' placed along with a small amount of alcoholysis catalyst (e. g. 0.01 to 1% litharge or sodium hydroxide based on the oil) in a reactor iltted with an agitator, a. Y device to measure the temperature and a gas inlet. y'I'Lhe mixture is then heated with stirring from one to two hours at about 200 to 225 C., an oxygen-free inert gas'such as carbon dioxide or nitrogen being passed .into and over the mixture. Hydroxyacetic acid and phthalic anhydride in the desired proportions together with a `small amount ofhydrocarbon solvent such as xylene or. toluene are next introduced and the heating continued. .'I'hevapors of solvent and water of esterincation are passed through a. condenser. thew'ate'rfis separated mechanically from the condensed liquids andthe solvent-.returned to the reaction vessel, the whole cycle of distillation, separation of water and remanner. Heating is continued until a product having the desired acid number and viscosity is obtained. During the above process additional solvent -is` added from time to time tomaintain the temperatureat the desired point.

Satisfactory results can also be obtained by combining the above stepwise esteriiication, that is, by simultaneous reaction of linseed oil acids,

y hydroxyacetic acid, phthalic anhydride and ber and/or viscosity measurements. The selection of acid number or viscosity to whichthe iinal resin should be carried depends on the particular type of resin being made and the use for which it.

is intended.` When theresin is finished, it is dissolved in a. suitable solvent and then clarified if necessary by centrifuging or filter pressing after which it is ready for formulation into coating Y `compositions in the usual ways.

Ordinary commercial/grades of hydroxyacetic ing this time a total of 48 parts of toluene isadded in portions, 50 parts of water of esterie cation and 25 parts of toluene being removed by ycondensation of the reiiux vapors. At this point the resin has'an acid number of 11.7 and heating is stopped and the resin cooled. A solution of 55 parts of this resin in 13.5 parts ofhi-ash naphtha and 31.5 parts of mineral spirits has a viscosityof 1.25 poises and a color of 3.3.

eoid, glycerol, phthaue anhydride and unseed on or linseed oil acids can be used in the practice of this invention.

The more detailed practice of the invention is illustrated in the examples wherein the amounts of the ingredients are by weight. In these examples, viscosities are expressed in poises at 25 C. Colors are on the Gardner-Holdt scale. Acid numbers are based on lthe solids. 'I'he drier proportions refer to the per cent of metal added as the soluble naphthenate soap, based on the drying oil content of the resin. 'I'he term .minera1 spirits refers to an aliphatic hydrocarbon fraction boiling at' 150200 C, and the term hiflash naphtha refers to an aromatic hydrocarbon solvent boiling at 160-200 C. The ester formulas at the beginning of each example are an index to proportions of the various esters theoretically present in the product. `To illustrate,`a product referred to as comprising e linseed oil, 20% polyhydroxyacetic acid (as --OCH2CO-) and 45% glyceryl phthalate is a product prepared from proportions o f reactants so chosen as to yield a mixture of the three mentioned constituents in the stated proportions by weight if it be assumed no mixed esters are.

formed. Actually such a productis considered to be composed principally of mixed glycerides, probably mixtures of mixed glycerides,.thcugh `small amounts of simple glycerides lor partial glycerides (i. e. glycerol, incompletely esteriiied),

free glycerol and free acids` are undoubtedly 'I `A solution method reactor is charged with 280 parts of linseed c`i1acids, 101 parts of dynamite glycerol, 148 parts of phthalic anhydride and 60.7 parts of hydroxyacetic acid. The mixture is heated with vigorous stirring under a blanket of carbon dioxide at 190230 C.y for 7 hours. Dur- Aportion `of this solution containing 0.05% cobalt (as the soluble naphthenate, based onthe calculated linseed oil content) wasflowed on metal plates. The lms air dried tack free in 5 to 7 hours; in comparison, a commercial linseed oil-modiiied glyceryl phthalate (RC-203, 54.4% linseed oil, 45.6% glycerylphthalate) gave tack free films in about 5 hours. The filmswere equivaient in abrasion resistance to the RC1-203 control lms. Similar results were. obtained by incorporation of 1.0% lead and 0.15% manganese (as the naphthenatea'based on oil) instead of cobalt. -Films containing no drier were hard and tough after baking for two hours at 140` C.

Exnnu.: II

Ester formula Linseed oil '.per cent-.. 35 Polyhydroxyacetic acid ..-do 20 Glyceryl phthalate ..do 45 Polyhydroxyacetic acid/glyceryl phthalate ratio 0.44

A solution method reactor is charged with 73.2 parts of linseed oil acids and 38.1 parts of glycerol. The mixture is heated with vigorous stirring under carbondioxide at 210 C. for 4% hours, 8 parts of water of esterication being co1- lected. The oil is cooled to room temperature and 69.5 parts of phthalic anhydride and 52.4

parts ofhydroxyacetic acid are added. The mixture is then heated under carbon dioxide with stirring at 210 C. for 4-hours, a total of 31 parts of hi-flash naphtha being added to maintain refiux. Twenty parts of water of esterication and 13 parte of iii-dash nepntne are ooneod during this kheating period. A solution of 27.5 parts of the resin in 6.75 parts of hi-iiash naphtha and 15.75 parts of mineral spirits has a viscosity ofv Bhours.

l Exxmmam Ester formula i Linseed 9i1 l per cent..- 41.6 Polyhydroxyactic acid d0-. 20.8v Glyceryl phthalate d0 y37.6 c

Polyhydroxyacetic acid/glyceryl phthalate ratio c v 0.55

A mixture of 86.2 parts of linseed oil and 18.7

parts of dynamite glycerol is placed in a solution.

method reactor and heated "under nitrogeny to 90- C. .T0 the mixture is added 0.08 part of litharge suspended in 0.08 part of linseed oil. 'I'he stirred mixture is heated to 325` C. and heid at that temperature for two hours, a-clear, homogeneous solution being obtained. To the hot solution is added 56.5 parts of hydroxyacetic acid and 58.6 parts of phthalic anhydride. After stirring the mixture at 225 C.fox' onefhalf hour 7.1 parts 200 C. for 2 hours.

cautiously 148 parts of phthalic'anhydride,l 152 oi dynamite slycerol is added. Heating is con?l tinued for 31/2 hours at 225 C., 22 parts of toluene being added portionwise to maintain reilux, with water oi esteriiication being removed from the condensate. The resulting resin has an acid number of 15.8. A solution of 30 parts ot the resin in 67 parts of mineral spirits has a viscosity of 1.4 poises and a color of 5.2. the solids content being 28.0% .l

' To this solution was added 0.05% Aof cobalt (as the naphthenate, based on oil), and illms were iiowed on metal plates. Clear, hard, tough illms were obtained by air drying, the lms 'being tack free in 3 hours, as were similar lms prepared` from the control RC-203. Films o1' similar drying rateand physical properties were obtained usingl 1.0% lead and 0.15% manganese instead of the cobalt drier. 'f

Exsurr.: IV

faster formula Linseed nn f I 'per cent 48.1 Polyhydroxyacetic acid ..-do-- 19.0 Glyceryl phthalate --do- 32.9

Polyhydroxyacetic acid/glyceryl phthalate ratio 0.58

A solutionmethod reactor is charged with 293 parts of linseedoil, 61.3 parts of'dynamite glycerol and 0.5 part of sodium hydroxidedissolved in 2 parts of water. 'Ifhe mixture is heated with vigor--l ous stirring under a. blanket of carbon dioxide at To the hot Oil is added parts of hydroxyacetic acid, parts of dynamite glycerol and 43 parts of toluene. This mixture is heated at 200210 C. for 6.hours during which time a total of 55 parts oi' water of reaction is removed together with 23 parts of toluene. The resulting resin has an acid number o! 11.v A solution of 55 parts of the resin in13.5 parts of hiflash naphtha and 31.5 parts of mineral spirits has a viscosity of 6.27 poises and a color of 6.4. A

solution of 50 parts of the resin in 15.9 `parts ofV hi-flash naphtha and 37.1 parts of mineral spirits has a viscosity -of 1.25 poises and a color of 6.3. This latter-solution contains 48.5% solids.

parts ot hydroxyacetic acid. ,The mixture is heated with visorous stirring under a blanket of carbon dioxide at 200-240 C. for 9 hours. During this time a total of 61 parts of toluene is added in portions suiilclent to maintain redux, the water of `esteriii'catiorr being removed asI previously der scribed. A total of V77 parts of water and 38 parts I 61.9 parts or phthaue anhydride :matas parts '40 Films containing 0.05%icobalt drier air dried 4tackiree in 6 to 8 hours, `and were equivalent to 'the RC-203 controlin hardness and print re-Y sistance. Films containing 1.0% lead and 0.15%

the illms were superior to 'the RC-v203 control lmsin abrasion resistance. f

Films were 'iiowed on metal plates from pigmented compositions prepared by blending with amanganese air dried tackfree in 31/2 hours. All

of toluene is collected in this manner. The resulting resin has an acid number oi.' 11.1. `A solution of parts of the resin-in 13.5 parts of hi-ilash parts o1' mineral spirits has a viscosity ofabout poises and a color of 4.4. A 41.6% solution of the resin in the hi-ilash naphmixture has a viscosity of '1.25

tha-mineral spirits poises and a color of 4.0. v

Films baked for 2v hours at 140 C. were hard and touh. the hardness being equivalent to RC-20oontrol Films containing' 0.05% of cobalt drier air dried tack free in 3 to 5 hours,

the, overnight hardness and abrasion resista-nce A solution method reactor is charged with 73.2 parts ofJinseed oil acids and 34.8 parts of A glycerol. The mixture is heated with vigorous stirring under a blanket of carbon dioxide for 4% hours at-210'C., a total of'6 parts of waterof esteriiication being collected- The re. sulting` oil is cooled to room temperature and of hydroxyacetic acid are added. This mixture is heated under carbon dioxide with stirring for 4 hours at 210 `C. During this period a'total' of l v 33 parts of hi-ash naphtha was added lin p0rtions suillcient to maintain reiiux, 23 parts of water of esteritlcation being collected. A solu tion of 27.5 parts of the resin in 6.75' parts of hi-ash" naphtha. and 1,5.75 parts of mineral spiritshas a viscosity of over poises and aA color of 6. A solution of 25 parts of the resin in 15.6parts of hi-sh naphtha and 36.4 parts `of 'mineral spirits has a viscosity of 1.0 poise, the

' solids content being 32.5%.` Films containing standard toluidine red mill base. 'I'he iilms air Y dried tack free in v51/2 hours, and were equivalent in hardness and gloss to controls based on RCf203.

. The baked illms (1 hour atf 200 FJ. were likewise equivalent to the controls. Adhesion and ilexibility rwere` excellent, the illms exhibiting good resistance to atmospheric conditions after 16 months outdoor exposure.

ExAurLm'Vv; Y

l Ester formula 'Linseed en -per cent-; 43.2 Y Polyhydroxyacetic acid --do 20.8 Glyceryl phthalaten.. -do...-- 36.0

Polyhydroxyacetic acld/glycerylA phthalate l ratio I A solution method reactoris charged with parts oflinseed oil acids,.107 parts of vdynamite glycerol, parte of primaat-anhydride and 169.5 n for 0.05% cobalt, or 1.0% lead and 0.15% manganese air d ried tack free in 8 hours.

As previously'indicated, the ratioof the polymeric hydroxyacetic acid to the polyhydric alcohol-polybasic acid ester, e. g. glyceryl plithiailate,`

portion of the resin should be below 0.'l`and is preferably not ulessthan 0.1 in fox-der to realize the economic advantages ofthe invention as well i as the technical advantage, namely, decrease in the tendency of the resin to gel.

fos

The remarkably improved drying time oi the resin prepared in accordance with this invention as compared to those made with higher ratios of hydronfacetic acid to glyceryl phthalate is shown by the following table wherein the iirst six `items are the resins of Example I to Vll designated by points 1 to 6 respectively on the curve,

and items 'I to 12 are resins which are designated by the corresponding points on the curve and which contain ratios of -hydroxyacetic acid to glyceryl vphthalate above 0.7. Films of the latter resins were still soft and tacky after air drying tive days.

PoLYHYnnoxYAcE'rrc Acro f n campesinos Resin No. Example Poiy- Y 4 g1g?, hydrgixy- (Iil'ycelryi PHMGP Dfglig ace c p e e e `ro o oli acid hours 54. 5 8. 6 37. 0 0. 23 5-7 35. 20. 0 45. 0 0. 44 8 41.6 20.8 37.6 0.56 3 48. l '19. 0 32. 9 0. 58 3. 5-8 4a. 2 2o. s so. o o. sa a-a as. o 25. o 4o. o o. ezt s 55. o 2o. o 25. o 0. ao 5 days f 45.5 27.0 27.5 0.98 5 days 47. 7 28. 3 124. 0 l l. 18 5 days 45. 0 30. 0 25.0 0. 83 6 day! as. o a5. o an. o o. so 5 days 45. o 2s. o au. o 1. 2o 5 days l (.llyceryl glutarate was used in this oase.

boxylic acid, the alkali salt of the hydroxyacetic` acid and the alkali salt of the `fatty oil acid.

reactants employed. Fatty oils should be heated AAmong the various polyhydricr alcohols that can be used, `there may be mentioned ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, butylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, glycerol, polyglycerols, sorbitol, various mixtures of these polyhydric alcohols.

Polycarboxylic acids which can be used for the preparation of these products include succinic, adipic, sebacic, maleic, fumarie, itaconic, acetyienedicarboxylic, malic, tartaric, citric, camphoric, phthalic, isophthalic, terephthalic, di; phenic and phenylglutaric acids. The anhydride can be used instead of the acid, and in many in stances this is preferable.

The presence of linseed oil in the amounts pentaerythritol.. mannitol and with all or 'a part of the polyhydric alcohol be- Y fore addition of the acid components. When only acid and alcohol components are employedV a common procedure is to.heat them all together, though practically any order of reaction is suitable. Interchange reactions involving esters of hydroxyacetic acid are entirely feasible in preparation of the resins. The hydroxyacetic acid may be used as a commercially available water solution, the solvent water being removed together with Water of esterication during the making cycle.

Any temperature `at which the reaction proceeds ink a convenient length of time is operable lin the present invention. The preferred range is from 150`250 C. though temperatures outsidev esterinterchange, or various acids for esteriiica-` previously indicated is essential for obtaining the unusual advantages disclosed herein. Other modifying agents which can be used in addition 'to the linseed oil include fatty oils, e. g.,'soya,

The optimum proportion of linseed oil to be used may vary within wide limits depending on the uses in which the resin is to be employed. More specifically, larger amounts of oil 'give softer, more durable resins for use in paints, while lower amounts of oilgive harder, fasterdrying resins for use in varnishes and enamels. Those resins containing 30 to 70% linseed oil represent the compositions 'of greatestfpracticality and commercial signicance.

In `preparing the resins of this invention, the

proportions used are usually stoichiometric, 'but may be varied to some extent if desired. In some instances an excess ofY glycerol (e. g. 1 to 4%) may give somewhat faster drying rates. The

v method of Ireaction can beany of the methods` l known to the art, but, as already noted, it should y be chosen- With due consideration of the type of resin being prepared and the use for which it is intended. I'he order of reacting the ingredients can be varied depending upon the nature ofi, the

tion. Certain acid salts' such as monosodium phosphate mayserve to improve the colo;` of the resins.

The soluble products of this invention are useful as vehicles for improved air drying or baking coating compositions. These coatings can be made up asdesired and in known manner with pigments, metallic driers, dyes, iillers, waxesI in resins; other alkyd resins; gums, such as rosin,

ester gum and limed rosin; soluble types of nylons| and resins such as polymethyl methacrylate, polystyrene and polyvinyl acetate. Any of these compositions can be used, directly or over suitable base coats, on metal, wood, glass, leather, stone, cloth, paper, rubber, and in general any surface which is to be protected from` atmospheric or other influences. These resins can also be used in adhesive and'moiding compositions with or 'without the other polymeric materials above.

Certain of these compositions are also of v'alue as grinding vehicles in pigment formulation and in incorporation of hydrophilic extenders in such pigment formulations.

yAs many apparently widely different embodiments kof this invention may be made without departing from the spirit and scope thereof it is to be understood that I do not limit myself to the specific embodiments thereof except as defined in the appended claims. 1

I claim:

1. The resinous reaction product of ingredients comprising hydroxyacetic acid. polyhydric alcohol, polybasiccarboxylic acid and a substance selected from the group consisting of linseed oil and linsced oil acids, said resinus reaction product containing, when expressed in terms of said ingredients, from 30% to 70% Iinseed oil and a ratio of polyhydroxyacetic acid to polyhydric alcoholpolybasic acid ester of at least 0.1 and below`0.7.

2. .A-linseed oil modified alkyd resin the composition of which, expressed in terms of its chemically combined components, comprises from 30% to 70% linseed oil, and polyhydroxyacetic acid and glyceryl` phthalate in a ratio of the polyhydroxyacetic acid to the glyceryl phthalate of at least 0.1 and below 0.7.

3. A process for making fast drying resins from ingredients which comprise hydroxyacetic acid.`

polyhydric alcohol, polybasic carboxylic acid, and a substance selected from the group consisting of linseed oil and linseed oil acids, said process comprising reacting with heat treatment at alkyd resin-forming temperatures said ingredients in proportions which yield a resin containing, when expressed in terms of said ingredients, from 30% to 70% llnseed oil and a ratio ofpolyhydroxyacetic acid to polyhydrlc`a1coho1-polybasic acid ester of at least 0.1 and below 0.7.

4, A process for making fast drying resins from ingredients which comprise glycerol, phthalic anhydride, hydroxyacetic acid and a substance selected from the group consisting of linseed oil and lnseed oil acids, said process comprising reacting with heat treatment at alkyd resin-forming temperatures said ingredients in .proportions which yield a resin containing, when expressed in terms of said ingredients, from 30% to '10% 1inseed oil and a ratio of polyhydroxyacetic acid to glyceryl phthalate of atleast 0.1 and below 0.7.

HUGH WILLIAM GRAY. 

